{"id":385,"date":"2019-01-13T16:06:44","date_gmt":"2019-01-13T20:06:44","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/foggybottomline.com\/?p=385"},"modified":"2019-01-13T16:06:46","modified_gmt":"2019-01-13T20:06:46","slug":"equal-rights-amendment","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/foggybottomline.com\/?p=385","title":{"rendered":"Equal Rights Amendment"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"
Virginia Ratify ERA Party4Parity in Richmond. <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Virginia\u2019s General Assembly<\/a> opened last Wednesday, and\u00a0Virginia Ratify ERA<\/a>activists spent the day lobbying legislators in support of ratifying the\u00a0Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)<\/a>.\u00a0\u00a0Late in the day they gathered to thank supporters, including legislators and\u00a0Attorney General Mark Herring<\/a>.\u00a0\u00a0Elected officials took the stage, but grassroots activists owned the room.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Congress sent the ERA to the States in March 1972 with a seven-year deadline.  If approved by 38 of 50 States by 22 March 1979, this language would become part of the Constitution:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cSection 1.<\/strong>Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Section 2.<\/strong>The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Section 3.<\/strong>This amendment shall take effect two years after the date of ratification.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

Congress extended the time limit two years but only 35 states approved the Amendment and five later rescinded their ratification.  Opponents argue that failure to ratify before the deadline killed the Amendment, and even without the time limit Virginia\u2019s approval this year would not make it the 38th<\/sup>state needed to make the ERA part of the Constitution.  I don’t think the deadline argument carries a lot of weight. Article V of the Constitution<\/a>gives Congress no authority to set a time limit on ratification of Amendments it proposes. By the plain language of the this Article Amendments, once proposed, become part of the Constitution upon ratification  by three-fourths of the states without regard to how long it takes.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The plain language of the Article also includes no provision for rescinding ratification \u2013 it simply says that a proposed Amendment becomes part of the Constitution upon ratification of three-quarters of the \u201cstate legislatures.\u201d There is no \u201cunless a State changes its mind\u201d clause, and Congress ignored rescissions by Ohio and New Jersey of their ratification of the 14th<\/sup>Amendment. That said, the \u201clast in time\u201d principle suggests that if voters in a State objected to ratification by their legislature they could express this objection in an intervening election. If the newly seated legislature then rescinded ratification in time (before ratification by three-fourths of the States) it should arguably not be counted as part of the three-fourths needed. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

My review of Constitutional history doesn’t shed much light on the Founders’ view of either but I\u2019m no expert. Most of the discussion related to amending the Constitution during its drafting and ratification I could find centered on making sure States had a path to making changes without regard to whether Congress agreed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In any event, Virginia\u2019s General Assembly should ratify the Equal Rights Amendment because it\u2019s the right thing to do. Government should not privilege either men or women with respect to rights (voting, domestic law) or responsibilities (military service). Nor should Government privilege institutions (e.g., with tax exemptions) that discriminate on race, gender, or any other grounds whether or not justified by religious (or for that matter any other) doctrine. The ERA is necessary because Government still privileges both individuals and institutions in these ways. And it\u2019s only dangerous to those whose power depends on this discrimination. This is, by the way, a Libertarian view insofar as it limits the power of government to manage society (e. g., by deciding what does and does not constitute a \u201creligion\u201d).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ratification by Virginia would not of course mean immediate inclusion of the ERA in the Constitution. It would instead start a lengthy court battle which, given the current composition of the courts (especially SCOTUS), likely results in a ruling that either restarts the process from the beginning or requires new ratifications to reach the three-fourths threshold. Either way, the women \u2013 and men \u2013 who support equality will not, and should not, give up. Social roles have already changed and conservatives cannot stop the social transformation I’ve seen during my lifetime from continuing.\u00a0\u00a0Women fly military aircraft in direct combat, and male control of business, military, and social (religious) institutions is coming to an end. Leaders in government and other social organizations, including Republicans in the General Assembly, better get a clue and manage this change rather than try to block it or voters will send them home. Just ask Bob Marshall<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Virginia\u2019s General Assembly opened last Wednesday, and\u00a0Virginia Ratify ERAactivists spent the day lobbying legislators in support of ratifying the\u00a0Equal Rights Amendment (ERA).\u00a0\u00a0Late in the day they gathered to thank supporters, including legislators and\u00a0Attorney General Mark Herring.\u00a0\u00a0Elected officials took the stage, but grassroots activists owned the room. Congress sent the ERA to the States in March […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":27,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-385","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/foggybottomline.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/385","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/foggybottomline.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/foggybottomline.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/foggybottomline.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/27"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/foggybottomline.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=385"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/foggybottomline.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/385\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":388,"href":"https:\/\/foggybottomline.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/385\/revisions\/388"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/foggybottomline.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=385"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/foggybottomline.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=385"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/foggybottomline.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=385"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}